By Michele Ko and Olivia Martinez
Editor's Note: This is part one of a several part series examining sexual assault policies, occurrences, and prevention at GW, American, and Georgetown.
Nationally, one in four women will be sexually assaulted by the time they graduate college, according to the book
I Never Called it Rape by Robin Warsaw. This includes specifically the 3 percent of college students who will become victims of completed or attempted rape in a given 9-month academic year.
According to the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, approximately 90 percent of all reported campus rapes occur under the influence of alcohol. Nearly half of all victims do not label the incident as "rape," according to the U.S. Department of Justice, The National Institute of Justice, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. A vast majority of victims know their perpetrator (between 80 and 90 percent), further decreasing the likelihood the rape will be reported.
At GW 18 percent of women have personally experienced forced attempts of kissing or fondling without consent, according to the Campus Tolerance Foundation. The 2010 study also found GW to be the second most unsafe school for women out of the ten surveyed, including Harvard University, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Texas A&M, and UCLA. Georgetown University meets the national average, reporting that one-in-four women report having been sexually assaulted by the time they graduate. American University shows lower numbers, with 6.8 percent of students, around 400 a year, incidences of forced fondling, according to their Office of Campus Life.
GW conducted a study of sexual assault in 2010 which surveyed 5,000 undergraduate and graduate students on their knowledge of sexual assault on campus, how to report sexual assault on campus, and the resources available to the victims of sexual assault.
The study concluded that "there needs to be more sexual education and prevention efforts at GW. 61 percent of respondents believe sexual assault is a problem on campus, while 15 percent stated they know someone who has experienced a rape, leading us to believe that sexual assault at GWU is an underreported and silent problem." The study also reported that 265 female undergraduates experienced sexual assault in 2009.
The study also identified several reasons why underreporting might be a problem: students may not recognize sexual assault as a violation of campus policy or as a crime, students may fear the stigma attached to reporting rape, or they lack confidence in GW's reporting system.
The report was produced through a partnership between the leadership of The Sexual Violence Awareness Group at The George Washington University School of Medicine and The Younger Women's Task Force (YWTF).
A close examination of the official sexual assault and harassment of Georgetown, American, and GW reveal several differences in policy between the three schools.
How Does Each Policy Define Sexual Misconduct, Harassment, and/or Assault?
Generally, the three schools share similar definitions of actions that would be deemed sexual misconduct or assault. They outline that actual or attempted rape, sexual battery, molestation, unwanted touching, unwanted sexual advances, physical contact, sexual gestures, noises, remarks, jokes, aggression, and pressure to engage in sexual activity are all against their policies. The importance of consent was also emphasized in all three policies.
However, Georgetown University is the only school out of the three to define consent. It is, "an understandable exchange of affirmative words or actions that indicate a willingness to participate in mutually agreed upon sexually explicit touching or penetration." The policy lists multiple situations in which consent does or does not apply.
Georgetown is also the only school to distinguish sexual assault from misconduct. It defines misconduct as engaging in, or attempting to engage in, sexual or offensive acts with or directed at another person without obtaining his or her consent. They define assault as sexual penetration without the consent of the person, especially when a person is mentally or physically incapable of giving consent. Georgetown was also unique in specifically including a clause about all forms of communication, even electronic, such as sending inappropriate pictures or sexting.
American University is the only school to state that sexual assault is personal, and thus the definition is subjective because everyone perceives sexual assault differently.
GW's policy is unique of emphasizing instances of sexual assault involving people of authority. The policy specifically outlined sexual misconduct in exchange for professional or academic benefits.
According to the Policies, How Do You Report Sexual Assault?
GW's policy allows members of the university community who believe they have been sexually harassed, also known as, "complainants," to seek consultation, administrative review, or a formal hearing. American's policy provides three options for reporting and assistance: information and referral, an informal complaint, or a formal complaint. Georgetown's policy allows complainants to file an anonymous report, a criminal report, or a complaint to the Office of Affirmative Action program.
According to GW's policy, if a complainant seeks consultation, they first meet with the Sexual Harassment Response Coordinator, who decides whether to forego further action or begin administrative review. The complainant is also offered counseling.
In American University's information and referral stage, similar to GW's consultation process, a person may meet confidentially with any member of the Sexual Harassment Project Team, a group created to assist in preventing and addressing sexual harassment campus-wide.
Georgetown's policy likewise devotes a section to "Supports and Services," which lists various resources for victims of sexual assault. Some services include access to The Sexual Assault and Health Issues Coordinator, Student Primary Care Clinic, and counseling and psychiatric services.
The next stage in GW's policy is the administrative review process, where a person may file a complaint against the person believed to have engaged in harassing behavior. During the investigation the University may take "interim action in response to the complaint, if appropriate."
American similarly allows for a complainant who does not want to make a formal charge of sexual assault to file an "informal complaint" against the person engaging in inappropriate behavior.
Georgetown's policy also gives complainants who do not wish to enter the judicial system and initiate disciplinary proceedings similar opportunities. He or she can file an anonymous incident report with the Sexual Assault and Health Issues Coordinator, any other University official or The Department of Public Safety. Another option is the student can contact the Metropolitan Police Department and file a criminal report.
One of the key distinctions between GW's policy and Georgetown and American's policies is GW's recently added time restriction to begin this stage of administrative review. Announced at the start of this academic year, the addition indicates that a person who wishes to file a complaint of sexual harassment and begin administrative review must do so within 180 days of when the harassment occurred (although this time period will be extended if a person wishes to seek assistance through consultation only). GW is the only one of the three schools with this time restriction.
GW's final stage is a formal hearing to determine whether the Code of Conduct has been violated. Similarly, American allows for a formal complaint option, where a person makes a formal charge of sexual harassment. Georgetown likewise allows a complainant to file a complaint of sexual harassment with The Office of Affirmative Action Program.
A major difference between GW's policy and American and Georgetown's policies is the distinction between the stages of action. While at American and Georgetown a student can skip the consultation process to go straight to the administrative review, at GW they must go through consultation and administrative review, in that order, before a formal hearing. Policies at American and Georgetown suggest complainants may access any mode of assistance in no particular order.
Another important factor in GW's policy is confidentiality. A recent addition to the policy this year indicates that complainants may request to keep their name confidential during consultation and administrative review as well as during the formal hearing stage if he or she is a student.
GW's policy is also the only one of the three schools that continually addresses sexual assault by faculty members, while the other policies primarily address students.
The length and format of GW's policy is vastly different and noteworthy in comparison to American's and Georgetown's. The 21-page document outlines the legal process and references many individuals involved in creating the policy, while American's 2-page document covers the basic procedures and Georgetown's policy lies within their Student Code of Conduct.
If any student has questions, ideas, or concerns about the GW policy, they should contact Tara Pereria at: taraw@gwu.edu or 202-994-2657 as well as Terri Harris Reed, The Vice Provost for Diversity and Inclusion and Title IX Coordinator at: treed@gwu.edu or 202-994-7297.
The next segment of this investigative series will include perspectives from student health administrators and sexual assault awareness organizations on GW, American, and Georgetown's campuses.